Apple Inc Global Leader in Supply Chain Management Free Solution

Question: Write an essay on"Supply Chain Management with Special Reference to Apple Inc". Answer: Introduction: As portrayed by one speaker at a gathering of Council of Logistics Management (CLM), "The inventory network is all that happens to an item from soil to tidy". To be more exact, store network is a system that is comprised of clients, distributers, suppliers, retailers and makers. There are three sorts of stream in inventory network system: Material Flow-Physical Product stream (item returns, overhauling and reusing). Data Flow-Order transmission and request following for coordination. Money related Flow-Credit terms, installment timetables and dispatch courses of action. Since 1980 organizations started to see the advantages of filling in as a solitary unit in a store network. Expanded center is presently on very incorporated supply chains, and wide range communitarian activities has been driven and watched Supply chain combination and synergistic activities with the inventory network accomplices to arrange production network operations are basic variables to increase upper hand - it is acknowledged by and large by pioneers in the scholarly world, counseling, and industry and for the most part in high innovation and attire commercial enterprises(Business.kingston.ac.uk, 2015). (Supply Chain Management procedure in a nutshell) Apple Inc. constitutes the multinational combination that consolidates mechanical commencement of sensational parts of reforming the impacts of advanced stocks and civilities. It sources its beginning in American soil that entered its astounding machines grounded on the amalgamation of equipment circuit board and the working framework to coordinate the design of programming devices and specialized help. The purchaser things of fluctuated roads of efficiency extents from iphone gadgets taking into account more quick witted innovation to ipad tablets, Mac individual arrangement of PCs, ipod, media players, Apple watch, itunes, working wonders set out inside OS X and iOS innovation, serviceable useful frameworks like ilife, icloud, iwork etc with other transportable online instruments. The organization was initiated for the sake of Apple Computers in the year 1977 and changed over its name to Apple Inc. in 2007. It delivered brand identifiable estimations of $118.9 billion in 2014. Ther e are very nearly four hundred and seventy five utilitarian outlets working in seventeen countries with an income era of US$233.715billion according to the factual assessment of 2015. The late examination as indicated by the investigative report of 2015 highlights the quantity of workers to be around 115,000(Bag, 2016). (Supply Chain Management Flowchart Source: ioscm.com) Analysis of the supply chain flow in apple inc and their marketing strategies, leading to the flow: On September fifteenth in an epic segment Daniel Cristo brought up two things with respect to the Apple's new wearable gadget marked as iWatch. "You can do just about anything from your wrist with the new Apple watch" "Will that change the way advertisers advance their items and administrations?" (marketingland.com, 2015). (The Supply Chain Flow Source: legendship.com) Soon after the dispatch of the iWatch the world has encountered the advancement of wearable gadgets not just from the worldwide advertisers like Sony, Fitbit, and Motorola additionally from the nearby advertisers like Bong X, Huawei and so on(Bollen et al, 2003). As indicated by the report distributed by South China Morning post with the inputs from International Data Corporation (IDC) shockingly Apple comes at the base of the main 5 wearable gadget list. Examining the vital position of Apple Inc. with regards to its supply network, and basically survey chances to create logistics abilities. It is vital for an organization to gadget its procedure considering the items that the organization would fabricate and offer to its clients. It's further more essential to devise a system for its new items. (Overall Supply Chain Flow in an Organisation Source: supplychaininformation.blogspot.com) Derek Atkins, Liping Liang-In his editorial, the theorist portrayed that there are two papers in the hypothesis of production network outsourcing under finishing. The main paper contemplates the effect of aggressive force on the outsourcing choice from the supplier's perspective for straight supply cost; the second paper analyzes the effect of supply economies of scale from the retailer's perspective when offering superbly substitutable items(Esper et al, 2014). Apple must consider the variables given underneath with a specific end goal to devise a proficient system. Tedeusz sawik. Omega-The theorist portrayed that the ideal determination of supply portfolio in a make to request environment within the sight of inventory network interruption hazard. In view of the buy and cost the organization would outsource its operations and choice of suppliers who offer high rebates It. is critical that the nature of the organization is not yielded and a vital choice on the suppliers must adjust to the organization targets(Fynes Ainamo, 1998). Thus we can say rightly that, Pricing and Supply of goods are the key flows in supply chain. They make the supply chain to flow with smoothness and parity. They are discussed in detailing in the next segment. Analysis of the make process in the supply chain management and their impact on the company as well as on the society: Driven by the guarantee of low material, assembling and work costs, and progressed by the yearning to enter developing markets, organizations have been trying things out of seaward supply subsequent to the 1980's. There are two measurements of globalization: The geographic and the subjective measurement. The previous is utilized to depict the expanded geographic extent of exercises of overall organizations, and in addition expanded area and scattering of assembling offices. Supply chains are turning out to be increasingly worldwide and in the meantime progressively incorporated, hence progressively related than in before years. This is alluded to as the subjective measurement of globalization. Additionally, new conceivable outcomes of enhancing the supply anchors have a place with the subjective measurement(Martinez, 2004). (Supply chain Flow including Suppliers and Customers and their relation to Pricing) Now the challenges faced by Apple Inc in the Supply and Pricing sector and their effect on the Supply Chain Management flow of the company: Supply: While considering the globalization procedure, the homogenization of client needs can be considered available side. This every now and again implies long creation runs and unified assembling and appropriation focuses keeping in mind the end goal to produce and profit by economies of scale(Priem Swink, 2012). Then again, assembling scattered generation offices that have a considerable measure of overabundance limit and consider a huge number of neighborhood securities are no more required and rather supplanted by less, bigger and focal creation plants. This vaccum in the demand supply model is really harming the brands business in the business sector. As indicated by Lo Lau Chi-kwong of the G World Mobile the apple was not accessible in the open market even after the weeks after the official lunch by the organization. Presently on the off chance that we investigate the apples producing process we will get the accompanying stream talk which the wellspring of the key test Planned in California -------------- Assembled in china Every one of the parts comes to china from California for the collecting reason just and after gathers it does a reversal to California and from that point it gets appropriated. This transmission of administrations and items commencing from china to California and from California to the world is making the supply hole for the organization. The others have taken an awesome points of interest of this crevice and thus however the interest is high Apple neglected to fulfill their clients in Hong Kong(marketingland.com, 2016). Apple trusts that the premium evaluating helps them to pick up the pride of proprietorship for their clients. Despite the fact that there are distinctive perspectives on this has been refered to by the pundits however one thing has seen worldwide that the Apple clients are particularly steadfast towards their image. This higher brand dedication has helped Apple to continue running with their premium estimating model(Schmidt, Foerstl, Schaltenbrand, 2016). Pricing: In all around arranged supply chains, item segments need to cross a large number of national limits before a completed item can be given over to the last client. The principle target bunch amid the main lunch of the corporate world and the rich people groups in the general public. Apple outlined and showcased their wearable gadget in like manner. This procedure helped them to pick up the consideration and the unwavering client base from the focused on fragment extremely well. Be that as it may, the issue popped when Apple attempted to extend their business in the untouched business sector portion. As indicated by AppleInsider (2016), the school goers and the early wage age gathering is the most alluring client base for the imaginative items. While the extension arrangement Apple confronted a heaps of challenges in entrance because of two reasons one is they have built up themselves as a premium portion brand and the other is to build up themselves a decision for premium clients they have altered too high cost for their item("Special Topic Forum on Resources and Supply Chain Management", 2013). (Financial Supply Chain Flow Source: ctmfile.com) The supply chain forecasting and the recommendations based on the models: Macintosh has thought of numerous new items amid its presence and is keeping on advancing inside the PC and innovation industry. The ipad is the most recent item that Apple has propelled and it has done this to support development and keep pace with the advancement world. Subsequently, we can reason, that the Ipad is a piece of the innovation push, i.e, Apple, propelling the item and somewhat, showcase pull whereby, dispatching an item as indicated by business sector request(Goedhals-Gerber, 2016). The procedure for Apple was firstly, to have the capacity to bring another item, which was the new form of the item iphone so as to achieve clients needs particularly the agents and writers. Be that as it may, there is an open interest, for the understudies and resigned laborers. Apple's fundamental rival, for example, Amazon.com has brought into the business sector, the Kindle, with which now clients can purchase and get to online books for perusing as opposed to purchasing them physically(Zhang Zhao, 2009). (The Supply Chain Pyramid Model Source: trissential.com) Be that as it may, there were three "achievement variables" at which Apple had no or less past experience: land, store plan, and store operation. With respect to home, Apple realized that the familiar aphorism of "area, area, area" was on target and the organization understood that "destination" areas, for example, Best Buy and Office Depot won't work for the 95% of non-Mac PC clients(Priem Swink, 2012). They must "snare" that 95% by being the place they're as of now at, by situating in high-activity gathering spots, for example, shopping centers, hip lanes, and the new way of life focuses, for example, coffeehouses," Jobs said. "We're going to put our Apple stores in top level areas." With respect to Store Design, Apple needed an idea that would fit the requirements of its clients and would showcase its items, yet which would likewise be sufficiently adaptable for change and development. To think of the best idea, Apple really constructed a model in a Distribution center. The outcome, as per Jobs is an arrangements centered store. With regards to Store Operations, Apple acknowledged it needed to convey an "incredible ordeal," the CEO said. That implied the "right stores at the correct spot with extraordinary stock, unbelievable workers, and operational brilliance," as indicated by Ron Johnson, Apple's new senior VP of retailing(Priem Swink, 2012). Utilizing the recommendations of Chen et al (2009), we can see that keeping in mind the end goal to get most extreme advantage from incline operations Apple needs to keep up a high adaptability and nimbleness in its configuration and assembling capacities connected to the creative soul exemplified in its aphorism - 'Think Different'. Notwithstanding, this doesn't infer that Apple has no utilization of the idea of incline; it is through cautious and moderate use of its rule that the organization can assemble quality to meet the anxiety of financial and political interruptions, and most imperatively meet the developing rivalry realized by quick globalization(Fine, 2013). Conclusion: So an inventory network is a vital idea in this day and age. The greater part of the organizations now have understood that not very many are secured from the warmth of worldwide contenders. So in a production network one must be aware of the worries of supplier and channel accomplices. A well working inventory network ought to be viewed as unit of capability in which every one of the accomplices assume a noteworthy part and neither one of the ones can drive the production network totally of his own, without participating with others. While the future patterns for new supply chains improvement and enhancing existing supply chains benefits and piece of the pie is by all account not the only premise for organizations however they are likewise considering the natural issues furthermore arranging of working in collective measures and with appropriate sharing of information. (Supply Chain Management Excellence Pathways Source: ioscm.com) Hallgren and Olhager (2009) find that in strongly aggressive markets, the firm has the alternative of separating itself on cost or on item separation, and the decision of operations administration must adjust to the picked methodology. Incline administration is great where the organizations goes for cost initiative where procedures are monotonous, oblige adherence to foreordained calendars, an enduring course through the generation procedure. On the other hand, where high customisation, changing assortment of items, and dexterity to present new items is the determinant of focused technique, the firm ought to pick coordinated assembling. Looking at the inward and outer elements these analysts (on the same page) utilize a far reaching audit of writing that incline and lithe assembling vary in the outcomes, one costs administration and the other can fundamentally raise expenses to get nimbleness.

How to Start a WordPress Review Blog (in 5 Easy Steps)

If you want to know how to start a WordPress review blog, youre in the right place! In this article, well walk you through the entire process of starting from scratch to ending up with a WordPress website thats ready for you to begin publishing reviews on.If youve ever wanted to know how to create a WordPress review website but werent sure where or how to start, read on for our five-step roadmap:What makes for a good review blog?When it comes to creating a good review blog, publishing high-quality content is key. Your reviews need to be well written, informative, and compelling. If you want your readers to take action after reading one of your reviews whether thats checking out another review on your website or making a purchase youll need to work on hard on perfecting your writing skills.However, before even starting on your first review, youll need to lay the foundations for your new website. Therefore, the elements that you need are:Good web host that can provide you with reliab le performance.A WordPress theme optimized for showcasing reviews in a visually appealing way.Security plugins that will protect your website from malicious attacks.A small set of essential pages to go alongside your reviews (more on this below).Get all this right, and managing your reviews blog will be (relatively) straightforward. Get it wrong, however, and youll be seriously diminishing your chances of creating a successful review blog.In this guide, well cover choosing the best platform for your site, getting the design right, which additional tools to install, and finally, how to publish content and grow your audience.How to start a  WordPress review  blogCreating a new website, no matter what its purpose can be a daunting prospect. However, with the right advice, it neednt be that way. By following this five-step guide to starting a WordPress review blog, youll be well on your way to launching your new website.Step #1: Choose a suitable domain, host, and install WordPressW hen it comes to starting a WordPress review blog, the first step is to choose a company to host your website. There are countless options to choose from, however, after reviewing SiteGround, this web host is our recommended option.Not only does SiteGround offer a high-quality web hosting service, but with plans starting at around $4 per month, theyre also highly affordable. Furthermore, SiteGround will take care of installing WordPress for you, while also providing domain name registration and impressive customer support.With a domain name and a brand new hosted WordPress installation, youre now well on your way to creating a review blog with WordPress. Lets move onto step number two.Step #2: Pick the best WordPress review site themeAn example of a WordPress theme thats optimized for reviews.A fresh installation of WordPress might not be much to look at. However, by installing the right theme, you can quickly transform your basic blog into a stylish reviews website.Now, the topic of your website will play a large part in determining which theme you should choose. However, for a good all round review theme, you cant go wrong with our free ReviewZine WordPress reviews theme.  The design is overall elegant, simple, and theres built-in review functionality.An alternative approach is to choose from a wider library of WordPress themes and then install a reviews plugin on top of it. More on this in the next step.Either way, after choosing a web host, installing WordPress and then picking a suitable theme, youre ready to move onto the next step in our guide to starting a review blog.Step #3: Install the essential WordPress pluginsAlthough your new website is now functional and starting to look pretty good, there are a few more essential steps youll need to take to secure and protect your WordPress website and also enable some reviews-specific functionalities if youre not using a theme that comes with those built in.With this in mind, some other types of plugins you should definitely consider installing on your review blog include:A review box plugin. WP Product Review works great for that. Heres an example review box that this plugin lets you create (basically, the idea is to have boxes like that below your individual reviews; those boxes can be picked up by Google their contents can be displayed alongside your otherwise standard Google listings):A trusted security plugin like WordFence.A robust backup plugin such as the free UpdraftPlus.Theres much more you can do to improve WordPress security. However, installing the above plugins will take you most of the way there.Step #4: Create the essential pagesBefore you start publishing reviews on your new website, there are a few pages you should create first. By taking the time to publish those essential WordPress pages that every website should have, you can help make your blog appear more credible, trustworthy, and relatable to your target audience. After all, if you want your readers to take yo ur reviews seriously and follow your advice, youll need to ensure your website has all the information theyll be expecting to find.By publishing an about page, site map, getting started page, disclaimer page, and contact page on your reviews blog, youll be helping your readers to get to know you better and find all the other information theyll need to enjoy your site.Step #5: Start publishing great content!In just four steps, youve chosen a web host and registered a domain name, created a fresh installation of WordPress, and installed a suitable theme plus some essential plugins. Youve also published the important pages any good website needs. Now its time to get to the fun part – publishing the content that will ensure your website is discovered, grows your audience, and generates revenue.Hopefully, you chose a WordPress theme or plugin that makes it easy to publish professional looking reviews on your website. If so, the features of these tools will take care of the technic al aspects of formatting and presenting your reviews, leaving you to focus on creating the content you feel passionate about.Heres an example of how a review box can be configured with the aforementioned WP Product Review plugin:Other points to consider when creating a WordPress review blogAs well as designing a stylish WordPress review blog thats packed with high-value content, youll also have to take a proactive approach towards promoting and marketing your site and its content. What you do off your site can be just as important and what you do on it.To help you get started with this aspect of running a successful WordPress review blog, here are some tools and tips to consider:Use the Revive Old Post WordPress plugin to automate social media marketing.Implement a blog content strategy to grow your audience through content marketing.Install the best marketing tools for WordPress on your site.This should help you create the content that will drive traffic, promote your website effec tively, and understand your audience better.ConclusionYou now have all the information you need to start a WordPress review blog. All thats left to do is take action and begin publishing reviews on your site, then get out there and promote it! Making any kind of website a success is a long process so dont give up if you dont see results overnight. As Napoleon Hill once said, most people give up three feet from gold, so never stop digging!To recap, in this guide on how to start a WordPress review blog we covered:Choose a professional web host, register a domain, and then install WordPress.Select a suitable WordPress theme.Install the essential WordPress plugins.Create the important pages your site will need.Start publishing great content!Do you have any questions about how to create a WordPress reviews website? Fire away in the comments section below!* This post contains affiliate links, which means that if you click on one of the product links and then purchase the product, well rec eive a small fee. No worries though, youll still pay the standard amount so theres no cost on your part.

attila the hun essays

attila the hun essays Attila the Hun is known as one of the most ferocious leaders of ancient times. He was given the nickname Scourge God because of his ferocity. During the twentieth century, Hun was one of the worst name you could call a person, due to Attila. The Huns were a barbaric and savage group of people, and Attila, their leader, was no exception. He was the stereotypical sacker of cities and killer of babies. The Huns lasted long after their disappearance in mythology and folklore, as the bad guy. Generally, they were not fun people to be around. Priscus saw Attila the Hun at a banquet in 448. Priscus described him as being a short, squat man with a large head and deep-set eyes. He also had a flat nose and a thin beard. Historians say that his general personality was irritable, blustering, and truculent. He was said to be a persistent negotiator, and not at al pitiless. While Priscus was at the banquet in 448, he observed a few other details about Attila. All of Attilas chief lieutenants were served dainties on silver platters, but he was served only meat on wooden plates. No other real qualities of Attila as a general really survived through time, but he is thought to have been an outstanding commander from his accomplishments as a barbarian. Huns themselves were mysterious and feared people. They first appeared in the Fourth Century around the Roman Empire. They rode their warhorses around and cause the Germanic barbarians and Romans alike to fear them. Yet, it was said that they were very uncivilized. It was said that they made no use of fire, and just ate the roots of plants they found in fields. They were also said to have eaten the almost raw meat of animals. The only reason the meat was almost raw was because they were said to have cooked it by placing it between their thighs and the backs of their horses to give it warmth. The Huns sometimes engaged in regular battle. The...

Comparing And Contrasting The Different Types Of Love Found In Plato's Essay

Comparing And Contrasting The Different Types Of Love Found In Plato's Symposium And St. Augustine's Confessions - Essay Example Regarding our main topic of focus, love is neither an abstract nor a concrete emotion or feeling. In our daily lives, we usually and constantly refer to the word love innumerable times simply because of our unfamiliarity with its meaning. In all those instances whereby we apply the term love, we mean different things though unawares. In most cases, however, we mean that the referee is something or someone that we desire and would profoundly prefer looking after or caring for. Everything can be a subject to loving by another both abstract and concrete. However, concrete things objects that have no emotions cannot love. The love of an individual towards someone or something therefore encompasses an extremely broad nature and has to be succinctly espoused. The study outlined below encompasses both the similarities and also the dissimilarities between the two philosophers in terms of what their views are regarding the critical issue of love (St Augustine 373). Plato derives his views and definitions for love from the evaluation of other peoples’ personal conveniences regarding love. This kind of love is referred to as common love, merely for sexual satisfaction. He defines heavenly love as a profound feeling or elated emotion that emanates from the soul and characterized by a no-conditional liking and passion between mostly a man and a man. This kind of love is made possible by a connection to the heavenly God. This love is deeply rooted beyond the soul and is indispensable. Common love is referred to as immoral and vulgar since it is aimed at satisfying the participants sexually over a short period of time. This love comes from the profound and strongly rooted physical attraction. This kind of love is not right and is not supported by the two philosophers. St. Augustine gives the same kind of types of love and expounds on the instances in almost a similar way as Plato (Sheffield et al 1). In both their assessments, they perceive the female gender as inferio r to the men excluding the goddesses. This elicits a similarity between the two scholars’ views on the nature and types of love (St Augustine 373). Both Plato and Augustine come to terms that there is a greater version of love than the concrete and physically expressed love. This kind of love is enlightened and formless. Both men and women aim at receiving that enlightenment but in entirely diverse ways. Augustine slightly differs with Plato regarding the actions and activities inculcated in the love relationship. This is sexual contact between people who love each other. Plato argues that sexual intercourse is a path to achievement of the higher love that everyone aims to obtain and which brings about enlightenment. Augustine, on the other side argues that the action of sexual intercourse only brings about tradeoffs towards the achievement of such enlightenment to the higher reality. He perceives and strongly believes that expression of physical love is not a stepping stone but rather a barrier to attainment of spirituality. This is due to the fact that he had previously experienced situations regarding the same issue at hand. He considered romantic or common love as purely sacrilegious and non credible since he had actually gone through in his early ages. Plato argues that in the initial stage of love, the amans’

How to build a deck Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

How to build a deck - Assignment Example Building a deck is one of the best improvements you can make for your house. Depending on the material you use, a deck can be an inviting warm place to host parties, outdoor cooking, watch your kids as they play or just a good resting place for your pets. Many real estate agents will tell you that clients value houses that have well placed decks. Having a deck does not require high technology or expertise. Many people are able to do this by following simple instructions. You can actually design, plan and do the masonry and carpentry and see your house turn into something new. Having a good deck actually raises the value of your house. Before doing any modification to your house, it is usually safer to check with the local building inspectors to find out if you need a building permit for this. Doing this will save you embarrassment and money if you have to demolish the deck just because you did not adhere to the rules of your area. It is advisable to visit their offices to get details of what is expected and if there are any inspections that will be done by the officials. Since this deck will be a permanent structure that will hold human life, the government has a right to ensure that it is rightly done and that is why the building inspectors are there. The inspectors may have specified rules in terms of size, design, materials and even how deep you can dig the foundation. It is therefore important to get these permits and the inspectors to approve your intended construction. The inspectors will probably ask you for a deck plan, so you need to be ready for this. There are places where permits are not really required. If you do not need the permit, then do not go looking for one. However, you will need to be aware of the building codes in your area to ensure you are adhering to them. This manual discusses decks and incorporates images and illustrations for easier understanding. The procedures will be discussed as follows: Deck Plan Deck layout Selecting materials - what materials are available and how to choose the best Fittings and Fasteners Construction- laying and deck-step by step procedure Railing and finishing Common problems in building decks The Deck Plan A deck plan consists of the design of the deck with scale drawings of the size of it. Start out by determining where you want the deck to be. Take the measurements of the area putting into consideration permanent structures or plants that cannot be removed. For example, if you have a big palm tree in front of your house that you do not want to remove, you will be forced to adjust your measurements and design to accommodate the tree and at the same time ensure safety. Have a sketch of the design you want. Also, have enough space to accommodate that design. Now, when you have the space and the design, it is time to put the design on paper. Using your sketch, do the ground measurements. At this point, just record them as you measure. You will determine the scale once all the measuremen ts have been done. When you have all the sections measured, work out a scale. An example is

Environmental Monitoring Program for Clean Room

Environmental Monitoring Program for Clean Room Bioburden and ETO limits Environmental monitoring program for a class 9 clean room that manufactures enteral feeding sets Abstract A clean room is an internal clean environment that is often used for manufacture or scientific research with a low level of environmental pollutants such as air bourn microbes, dust or chemical vapors. A clean room has a controlled level of contamination that is specified by the particles that are permitted per cubic meter and also the size of the particles is specified. A clean room has a special meaning that is defined by the International Standards Organization (ISO). ISO has defined a clean room as a ‘room in which the concentration of airborne particles is controlled and which is constructed and used in a manner to minimize the introduction, generation and retention of particles inside the room and in which other relevant parameters, e.g temperature, humidity and pressure are controlled as necessary’. Clean rooms are usually supplied with air that has been filtered through high efficiency air filters. This air is then changed a number of times depending on the class and purpose of the clean room. A clean room is built with materials that do not generate particles or outgas airborne chemical contamination and can be cleaned easily. Finally personnel that operate inside the clean room where protective clothing knows as bunny suits to minimize their dispersion of particles and microorganisms. An enteral feeding tube provides a means of maintaining nutritional intake when oral intake is inadequate or when there is restricted access to the gastrointestinal tract, eg owing to obstruction. ETFs are now commonly used for a wide range of clinical conditions and across a wide range of people (Rebecca White, Vicky Bradnam ,Handbook of drug administration via enteral feeding tubes, 2007) .Enteral feeding devices include enteral feeding pumps, pump sets, enteral feeding tubes and kits. Enteral feeding is often used to supply patients with nutrition who cannot consume by swallowing. Patients may not be able to consume by swallowing due to injury or illness such as pancreatitis, cancer and malnutrition. Introduction Cleanrooms are monitored according to two well-known standards, ISO 1644-1 and Federal standard 209E. Federal Standard 209E is the standards that the USA comply with whereas ISO 1644-1 are the standards that are applied internationally. ISO 14644 part 1 has been revised as a new second edition draft international standard ISO/DIS 14644-1.2(2014). ISO 14644-1 is part of a series of documents concerned with cleanrooms and associated subjects. This part of ISO 14644 specifies the classes of air cleanliness in terms of particle concentration in air volume. It also specifies testing methods that are used to determine classification. These include selection of sampling locations and evaluation of class from the data collected. The most significant change in this new set of standards is the use of a more consistent statistical approach to the selection and the number of sample locations and the evaluation of data collected. The statistical confidence is calculated based on the hypergeometri c distribution. Non-Viable Particles-Air Microbial Contamination-Air and Surface Pressure differential Water quality Temperature and Humidity Annex A There are a number of test parameters that ISO state that have to be tested when testing the air in a clean room. These recommended tests are listed in Annex A. Annex A provides the recommended tests and the recommended order in which to carry them out .The parameters are listed as follows. Airflow test, Air pressure difference test, humidity test, temperature test, particle disposition test, installed filter leakage test, Airflow directional test and visualization, Airborne particle test for macro particles, Airborne particle test for ultrafine particles, Electrostatic and ion generator test, Particle deposition test, Recovery test, Containment leak test. A checklist is provided to assist in testing criteria. This check list in encoded Annex A. Annex A also gives a series of recommended tests when sampling. 5. Test report The result of each test should be recorded in a test report and the test report should include the following information: Name and address of the testing organization and the date which the test was carried out. Number and year of publication of this part of ISO 14644. Clear identification of the physical location of the clean room or clean zone tested, and specific designations for coordinates of all sampling locations. Specific designation criteria for the clean room or clean zone, including the ISO classification, the relevant occupancy state and the considered particle size. Details of the test method used and identification of the test instrument and it’s current calibration certificate. Test result, including data reported as specifically required in the clause of Annex B, and a statement regarding compliance. Any other specific requirements defined relevant to the clause of Annex B. A.1 General The test procedures that are used in this part of ISO 14644 may be used for demonstrating compliance with the performance criteria of a user specified installation and for performing periodic testing The choice of tests are usually based on the required level of classification, operational states and the design of installation. Table 1 provides optional tests that are recommended by the international standards organization and table 2 is the bioburded limits provided by ISO for a class 9 cleanroom. Annex B (B.1.1) This test method is a specification of the measurement of airborne particle concentrations with size distributions having a threshold size between 0.1 micrometer and 5 micrometers. Measurements are often made according to three defined occupancy states. These occupancy states are as follows; as-built, at rest and operational. The measurements are made to verify the cleanliness classification in accordance with ISO 14644-1. (B.1.2.1) This part of Annex B is known as B1. The location selection, sampling points, clean zone classification determination and the quality of data required should be in accordance with ISO 14644-1. One of the main aspects of B1 is to provide reference methods. Annex B also provides a risk assessment for the clean room. >/= 0.1 um >/=0.2um >/=0.3um >/=0.5um >/=1um >/=5um (B.1.2.2) Procedure for airborne particle count ISO recommends the installation of a DPC intake at a specified sampling location. In sampling locations where the airflow is not controlled or predictable the inlet of the sample probe should be directed vertically upwards. The transit tube from the sample probe inlet to the DPC sensor must be as short as possible. If samples that are greater than or equal to one micrometer, the transit tube must not exceed the manufactures recommended length and diameter. B3 Airborne particle count for macroparticles The test methods that are described here are for the testing of particles larger than 5 micrometers in diameter. Measurements for macro-particles can be made in any of the three occupancy states of a clean room. These measurements are made in order to determine the concentration of macro-particles. B.3.3 Measurements methods for macroparticles ISO has assigned two general categories for macro-particles, therefore comparable results may not be produced if different measurement methods are used. Therefore correlation between different methods is not possible Collection by filtration or inertial effects, which is then followed by microscopic measurement of the number and size, or measurement of the mass of collected particles. (1). Filter collection and microscopic measurement (B.3.3.2.1) will report macro-particles using particle size based upon the agreed diameter. (2). Cascade impact collector and microscopic measurement will report macro-particles using particle size base upon the microscopists choice of reported particle diameter. (3). Cascade impact collector and weight collector will macro-particles using particle size based upon an aerodynamic diameter. (b). In situ measurement of the concentration and size of macro-particles with a time of flight particle counter or a DPC. (1). DPC measurement will report macro-particles using particle size based upon an equivalent optical diameter. (2). Time of flight particle size measurement (B.3.3.3.3) will report macro-particles using particle size based upon an aerodynamic diameter. B.3.3.3 macro-particle measurement without particle collection B.3.3.3.1 Macro-particles can be measured without collecting particles from the air. This process involves the optical measurement of the particles that are suspended in the air. An air sample is taken through a DPC, which reports either the equivalent optical diameter or the aerodynamic diameter of particles. B.3.3.3.2 Discrete particle counter (DPC) measurement. The procedure is the same as in B.1. DPC does not require sensitivity for detection of particles that are less than 1 micrometer. Care is required in order to ensure that the DPC samples directly from the air at the sample location. If sample tubes are longer than 1 meter to the DPC then they should not be used. The DPC often has a sample flow of 0.00047 m^3/s and should be fitted with an inlet sized for isokinetic sampling in unidirectional flow zones. The DPC should be set facing upwards in areas where non-unidirectional airflow takes place. The DPC size range settings are established so that only macro-particles are detected. B.3.3.3.3 Time of flight particle size measurement The dimensions of macro-particles can be measured by using a device that is known as time of flight apparatus and accelerated through a nozzle into a partial vacuum, where the measurement region is located. Any particles that are in the air sample will accelerate to match the air velocity in the measurement region. It is this relationship between the air velocity and particle velocity at the point of measurement that can be used to determine the aerodynamic diameter of the particle. B.3.4 Procedure for macro-particle count The sample inlet probe must be set up on the selected apparatus. The required air volume must be sampled to collect at least 20 macro-particles at each sample point and make measurements as specified in ISO 14644-1 or ISO 14644-2. The M-discriptor concentration in the selected particle size ranges must be calculated as agreed between customer and supplier, and report the data. B.3.5 Test reports The following information and data should be recorded as described in clause 5. (a). Definition of the particle parameter to which the apparatus responds (b). Type of measurement: classification or test M descriptor determination or monitoring (c). Type designations of each measurement instrument and apparatus used and it’s calibration state. (d). Cleanliness classification of the installation (e). Macro-particle size range(s) and the count for each size range reported (f). Apparatus inlet sample flow rate and flow rate through sensing volume. (g). Sample point locations (h). Sampling schedule plan for classification or sampling protocol plan for testing (I). Occupancy state(s) (j). Stability of macro-particle concentration, if required (k) Other data relevant for measurement.

Jeannine :: Personal Narrative Papers

Jeannine She had seen things and experienced a life that I only knew about through the movies. She acted as though she knew I would not be able to understand her, but I could see in her eyes that she hoped I could. e stood in the driveway, physically closer than we had been to each other in two weeks. Jeannine, my sister, did not stay at home too much anymore. She had dedicated her existence to her boyfriend Steven and chose to live with his family so that the two of them could be closer. My parents were supportive and open, but they would never have let their seventeen year old daughter sleep in the same bed under their roof with her nineteen-year-old boyfriend. So after countless years of tension and arguments, my sister had achieved what she had sought for years, independence from her family, but most of all from her older brother. Now standing in that driveway, our childhood playground, as I prepared for the long journey to James Madison University, we realized that the past five years of our lives had been wasted. Her constant struggles to get out of the house coupled with my harsh attempts to see that she met that goal consumed our adolescent years, the period where we needed each other the most. My parents told me that they were ready to leave, and I gave Jeannine a long hug. It was the first time in half a decade that I gave her a meaningful show of affection. I met her with the love that I had suppressed for so long, rather than the hate and loathing that was quick to my aid in the many years of confrontation that we shared. It was then, as her head rested on my chest and her arms wrapped around me, that I realized the wrongs I had done to her. All of a sudden, I did not want to leave. I had my sister back, how could I abandon her again? No one can really claim to have a perfect childhood sibling relationship, but we were still very close. At times, we could even be proud of one another. Yet, as in all sibling bonds, these good tidings never lasted. Our games of tic-tac-toe or kickball with our friends would go from friendly backyard, Little- House-on-the-Prairie type moments to screaming matches in a matter of days. Jeannine :: Personal Narrative Papers Jeannine She had seen things and experienced a life that I only knew about through the movies. She acted as though she knew I would not be able to understand her, but I could see in her eyes that she hoped I could. e stood in the driveway, physically closer than we had been to each other in two weeks. Jeannine, my sister, did not stay at home too much anymore. She had dedicated her existence to her boyfriend Steven and chose to live with his family so that the two of them could be closer. My parents were supportive and open, but they would never have let their seventeen year old daughter sleep in the same bed under their roof with her nineteen-year-old boyfriend. So after countless years of tension and arguments, my sister had achieved what she had sought for years, independence from her family, but most of all from her older brother. Now standing in that driveway, our childhood playground, as I prepared for the long journey to James Madison University, we realized that the past five years of our lives had been wasted. Her constant struggles to get out of the house coupled with my harsh attempts to see that she met that goal consumed our adolescent years, the period where we needed each other the most. My parents told me that they were ready to leave, and I gave Jeannine a long hug. It was the first time in half a decade that I gave her a meaningful show of affection. I met her with the love that I had suppressed for so long, rather than the hate and loathing that was quick to my aid in the many years of confrontation that we shared. It was then, as her head rested on my chest and her arms wrapped around me, that I realized the wrongs I had done to her. All of a sudden, I did not want to leave. I had my sister back, how could I abandon her again? No one can really claim to have a perfect childhood sibling relationship, but we were still very close. At times, we could even be proud of one another. Yet, as in all sibling bonds, these good tidings never lasted. Our games of tic-tac-toe or kickball with our friends would go from friendly backyard, Little- House-on-the-Prairie type moments to screaming matches in a matter of days.